Tag: Ancient Aliens

Posted on by

Does Newly Discovered Intracellular Electricity Power Biology?

The human body relies heavily on electrical charges. Lightning-like pulses of energy fly through the brain and nerves and most biological processes depend on electrical ions traveling across the membranes of each cell in our body.

These electrical signals are possible, in part, because of an imbalance in electrical charges that exists on either side of a cellular membrane. Until recently, researchers believed the membrane was an essential component to creating this imbalance. But that thought was turned on its head when researchers at Stanford University discovered that similar imbalanced electrical charges can exist between microdroplets of water and air.

Now, researchers at Duke University have discovered that these types of electric fields also exist within and around another type of cellular structure called biological condensates. Like oil droplets floating in water, these structures exist because of differences in density. They form compartments inside the cell without needing the physical boundary of a membrane.

Inspired by previous research demonstrating that microdroplets of water interacting with air or solid surfaces create tiny electrical imbalances, the researchers decided to see if the same was true for small biological condensates. They also wanted to see if these imbalances sparked reactive oxygen,  “redox,” reactions like these other systems.
“In a prebiotic environment without enzymes to catalyze reactions, where would the energy come from? This discovery provides a plausible explanation of where the reaction energy could have come from, just as the potential energy that is imparted on a point charge placed in an electric field.” (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2451929423001535)

Because the Chilkoti laboratory specializes in creating synthetic versions of naturally occurring biological condensates, the researchers were easily able to create a test bed for their theory. After combining the right formula of building blocks to create minuscule condensates, with help from postdoctoral scholar Marco Messina in? Christopher J. Chang’s group at the University of California – Berkeley, they added a dye to the system that glows in the presence of reactive oxygen species.

Their hunch was right. When the environmental conditions were right, a solid glow started from the edges of the condensates, confirming that a previously unknown phenomenon was at work. Dai next talked with Richard Zare, the Marguerite Blake Wilbur Professor of Chemistry at Stanford, whose group established the electric behavior of water droplets. Zare was excited to hear about the new behavior in biological systems, and started to work with the group on the underlying mechanism.

AR #38

Rupert Sheldrake’s Seven Senses

by Cynthia Logan

Posted on by

Surprising Source for Chaco Canyon’s Wood

Tree-Ring Research shows a switch in wood source corresponds with the flourishing of the ancient Chacoan culture of New Mexico.

The wood in the monumental “great houses” built in Chaco Canyon by Puebloans came from two different mountain ranges, according to new research from the University of Arizona Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research.

The scientists are the first to report that before 1020, most of the wood came from the Zuni Mountains about 50 miles to the south. The species of tree used in the buildings did not grow nearby, so the trees must have been transported from distant mountain ranges.

About 240,000 trees were used to build massive structures, some five stories high and with hundreds of rooms, in New Mexico’s arid, rocky Chaco Canyon during the time period 850 to 1140. The buildings include some of the largest pre-Columbian buildings in North America.

“The casual observer will see hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of beams sticking out of the walls. There’s wood all over the place in these structures,” said lead author Christopher Guiterman. “They’re built out of stone and wood.”

To figure out where the trees for the beams had grown, Guiterman used a method known as dendroprovenance that had not been used in the American Southwest before.

By 1060, the Chacoans had switched to harvesting trees from the Chuska Mountains about 50 miles to the west.

The switch in wood sources coincides with several important developments in Chacoan culture, said Guiterman, a doctoral candidate in UA’s School of Natural Resources and the Environment.

“There’s a change in the masonry style — the architectural signature of the construction. There’s a massive increase in the amount of construction — about half of ‘downtown Chaco’ houses were built at the time the wood started coming from the Chuska Mountains,” he said.

By reviewing archaeological records, the team found other materials coming to Chaco from the Chuskas at the same time.

“There’s pottery and there’s chipped-stone tools — things like projectile points and carving devices,” he said.

The new research corroborates previous research from the UA that used the chemistry of Chaco Canyon beams to figure out that Chuska Mountain trees were a wood source.

AR #73

Code of the Rocks

by Frank Josephs

Posted on by

James Webb Telescope Challenges Big Bang Theory

In a posthumous presentation, the late astro-physicist Wal Thornhill has deconstructed the First Deep Field Image from the James Webb Space Telescope released on July 11, 2022. It’s a composite of different wavelengths totaling 12.5 hours—well beyond Hubble’s deepest fields, which took weeks.

Focused on a massive galaxy cluster, the center of the image is surrounded by stretched out curved objects. The Standard Model, propounded by today’s scientiific establishement, describes these curved objects as distant galaxies “gravitationally lensed” making them appear larger and brighter. In the Electric Universe Model, for which Thornhill and colleague Stuart Talbott are the primary theorists, the curved object effect is due to refraction through the neutrino sea aether that is denser around the massive galaxy cluster.

According to Big Bang theory, the earliest galaxies have not had time to evolve and grow by accretion, collisions, mergers, or cannibalizing smaller galaxies. The reddest objects should exhibit the least amount of smoothness and symmetric structure—but that is the opposite of what is observed—including the curved “lensed” galaxies.

Thornhill’s EU Model expects to see galaxies that get smaller and fainter, some bluer, some redder, to the limits of the telescope’s observational power—and that is exactly what Webb’s First Deep Field shows. Thornhill predicted this will be further confirmed when forthcoming ultra deep field images—after weeks of Webb observation—detect additional faint galaxies that simply show more of the same.

In the Electric Universe theory, space is not expanding. The Universe is of unknown age and unknown extent, possibly infinite. According to science reporter Steven Parsons, writing for Atlantis Rising Magazine, “By breaking from the pack and looking at observed facts with fresh eyes, Wal Thornhill has become convinced that planets and stars function in an electrically dynamic environment.” The Venusian tail, discovered last year, retains its rope-like or filamentary structure across 45 million kilometers because it is a current carrying plasma. These plasma structures, “Birkeland currents,” are well known to plasma physicists but remain unrecognized by astronomers. The very existence of Birkeland currents in the solar system demonstrates the existence of a flow of electric current in the plasma which fills the solar system. And this opens up a whole new way of seeing things.

Thornhill says that stars do not produce all of their light and heat by thermo-nuclear processes. Instead, our Sun and all other stars resemble great spheres of lightning. These spheres receive energy externally rather than from nuclear fusion at their core, he says. The accepted theory that stars produce energy by nuclear fusion suits the mindset of the atomic era but does not conform to actual observations.

.)

AR #102

Big Bang or Not

by William B. Stoecker

Posted on by

Could the ‘Final Frontier’ of Space Exploration, be Underground?

At least 3,545 potential caves on 11 different moons and planets throughout the solar system, including the Moon, Mars and moons of Jupiter and Saturn, have been identified by astronomers. Cave formation processes have even been recognized on comets and asteroids. The discoveries in such caves could be massive. And now an international collaboration of space scientists wants to know if there life in those caves. 

Northern Arizona University (NAU) researcher Jut Wynne, assistant research professor of cave ecology, is the lead author of two new related studies, both published in a special collection of papers on planetary caves by the Journal of Geophysical Research-Planets. The first, “Fundamental Science and Engineering Questions in Planetary Cave Research,” was done by an interdisciplinary team of scientists, engineers and astronauts who produced a list of what they think are the 53 most important questions we should be asking about extra-terrestrrial caves (The second, “Planetary Caves: A Solar System View of Products and Processes,” was born from the first study). The team hopes their work will inform what will ultimately be needed to support robotic and human missions to a planetary cave—namely on the Moon and/or Mars.  

“Caves on many planetary surfaces represent one of the best environments to search for evidence of extinct or perhaps extant lifeforms,” Wynne said. “For example, as Martian caves are sheltered from deadly surface radiation and violent windstorms, they are more likely to exhibit a more constant temperature regime compared to the surface, and some may even contain water ice. This makes caves on Mars one of the most important exploration targets in the search for life.”  And not just for finding life—caves on the Moon and Mars could make good locations for astronaut shelters for both solar and galactic radiation.  

Indeed, the search for life may lead explorers in many surprising directions. U.S. and Indian astronomers, for example, have discovered that large amounts of water exist in the moon’s topsoil, which, they theorize, was formed by the reaction of hydrogen ions in the solar wind with oxygen containing compounds in the soil, or delivered by crashing comets. Acording to science writer William B. Stoecker (Atlantis Rising Magazine #79) some think the Moon’s ‘sinuous rilles;’ save for the lack of tributaries, may have been carved by water. Other astronomers argue they are collapsed lava tubes, but there are problems with such theories. Lava tubes tend to be on the surface; the rilles are canyons cut or eroded somehow below the surface. Many go uphill (neither water nor lava can flow uphill), like Schroeder’s Valley, which is 160 kilometers long, up to 1300 meters deep, and ten kilometers wide. Lava could not flow anywhere near 160 kilometers before cooling and solidifying; and even in the lower lunar gravity, a tube would collapse under its own weight even if far narrower. The rilles do not look in any way artificial, but they are clearly evidence of natural forces which we do not understand. Some have even theorized that they were gouged out by interplanetary lightning.
Using the existing infrastructure of a planet’s surface and subsurface, such as caves, may help humans get to other planets sooner than if we had to bring everything needed to survive with us. 

Here on Earth humans have been living in caves for hundreds of thousands of years. When none were available, we built our own. “As such,” said Wynne “it is only natural to assume that caves will offer similar utility as humanity expands to other worlds. While planet-wide terraforming may be an end goal, the use of large, pre-existing structures such as caves and lava tubes may be a more practical way to bootstrap the technology to the maturity needed to tackle the surface of an entire planet.”

https://news.nau.edu/space-exploration-goes-underground/

AR #70

Life in the Solar System, Then and Now

by William B. Stoecker

Posted on by

Has Earth’s Core Stopped Spinning and Reversing Direction?

by Becky Ferreira

Earth’s inner core has recently stopped spinning, and may now be reversing the direction of its rotation, according to a surprising new study that probed the deepest reaches of our planet with seismic waves from earthquakes. 

The mind-boggling results suggest that Earth’s center pauses and reverses direction on a periodic cycle lasting about 60 to 70 years, a discovery that might solve longstanding mysteries about climate and geological phenomena that occur on a similar timeframe, and that affect life on our planet. 

Of course, it must be noted this is more or less the plot of the 2003 disaster film The Core, but there’s no need to worry about averting an impending apocalypse by nuking the center of Earth. While the core’s rotation influences Earth’s surface environment, scientists think this periodic spin switch is a normal part of its behavior that does not pose risks for life on our planet.

Earth’s inner core, say scientists, is a solid metal ball that is 75 percent the size of the Moon. It can spin at different speeds and directions compared to our planet because it is nestled within a liquid outer core, but scientists are not sure exactly how fast it spins or whether its speed varies over time. 

Located some 3,000 miles beneath our feet, the core experiences intense heat on par with the surface of the Sun. Because it is so remote and difficult to study, the inner core remains one of the least understood environments on our planet, though it’s clear that it plays a role in many processes that make our world habitable to life, such as the generation of Earth’s protective magnetic field, which blocks harmful radiation from reaching the surface.

Now, Yi Yang  and Xiaodong Song, a pair of researchers at Peking University’s SinoProbe Lab at School of Earth and Space Sciences, have captured “surprising observations that indicate the inner core has nearly ceased its rotation in the recent decade and may be experiencing a turning-back in a multidecadal oscillation, with another turning point in the early 1970s,” according to a study published in Nature Geoscience (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-01113-y).

“There are two major forces acting on the inner core,” Yang and Song said in an email to Motherboard. “One is the electromagnetic force. The Earth’s magnetic field is generated by fluid motion in the outer core. The magnetic field acting on the metallic inner core is expected to drive the inner core to rotate by electromagnetic coupling. The other is gravity force. The mantle and inner core are both highly heterogeneous, so the gravity between their structures tends to drag the inner core to the position of gravitational equilibrium, so called gravitational coupling.”

“If the two forces are not balanced out, the inner core will accelerate or decelerate,” they added. “Both the magnetic field and the Earth’s rotation have a strong periodicity of 60-70 years. We believe that the proposed 70-year oscillation of the inner core is driven by the electromagnetic and gravitational forces.”
Song has spent decades trying to unravel the mysteries of the inner core by studying seismic waves that pass through this distant region. He was part of the team that first reported evidence of the inner core’s rotation in 1996 by measuring slight time (or “temporal”) changes in these waves, which are generated by earthquakes. 

However, the origin of the temporal changes has been a matter of debate within the geoscience community ever since, as some scientists think the wave patterns arise from phenomena at the boundary between the outer and inner core.  

“Some researchers are still arguing that the temporal changes do not come from the inner-core rotation, but from localized deformation at the inner core boundary,” Yang and Song said. With their new study, the pair “tried to gather more data over a longer duration to test different models.” 

To that end, the team studied seismic waves that passed through the inner core made by earthquakes that occurred since the 1960s. In particular, they looked for “doublet” events, which are “repeating earthquakes with nearly identical waveforms at common receivers,” according to the study. By analyzing the slight temporal changes between these doublets, Yang and Song were able to probe the rotation of the inner core.

https://www.vice.com/en/article/xgyje7/earths-core-has-stopped-and-may-be-reversing-direction-study-says

AR #129

The Crystal Connection

by Martin Ruggles

Posted on by

Cities on Asteroids? It Could Work—in Theory

Rochester University scientists use physics and engineering principles to show how asteroids could be future viable space habitats.

This past year, Jeff Bezos launched himself into space, while Elon Musk funded a space flight for a non-astronaut crew. Space collaborations between government and private entities, including Musk’s SpaceX and Bezos’s Blue Origin have become increasingly common. But with the recent emergence of the so-called “New Space” movement, aerospace companies are working to develop low-cost access to space for everyone, not only billionaires.
For a future beyond Earth, however, humans need places to accommodate homes, buildings, and other structures for millions of people to live and work.

Right now space cities exist only in science fiction. But are space cities feasible in reality? And, if so, how?
According to new research from University of Rochester scientists, our future may lie in asteroids (https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2021.645363/full).

In what they deem a “wildly theoretical” paper published in the journal Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences, the researchers, outline a plan for creating large cities on asteroids.

In 1972 NASA commissioned physicist Gerard O’Neill to design a space habitat that could feasibly allow humans to live in space. O’Neill and his colleagues worked out a plan for “O’Neill cylinders,” spinning space metropolises consisting of two cylinders rotating in opposite directions, with a rod connecting the cylinders at each end. The cylinders would rotate fast enough to provide artificial gravity on their inner surface but slow enough that people living in them would not experience motion sickness.

Since then, TV shows and movies including Star Trek and books such as Orson Scott Card’s 1985 novel Ender’s Game have depicted O’Neill cylinder-like habitats populated with human beings. Both Bezos and Musk have referenced O’Neill cylinders in their visions for future space habitats.

However, while O’Neill cylinders offer a solution to space’s lack of gravity, getting the necessary building supplies from Earth to space to create the O’Neill cylinders would be difficult and cost prohibitive.

Asteroids are rocky bodies orbiting the sun, leftover from the formation of the solar system approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Scientists estimate there are about 1,000 asteroids larger than one mile across traveling in our solar system.
But asteroids have several major drawbacks, the researchers found: the rock that comprises asteroids is not strong enough to handle getting even one-third of Earth’s gravity from spinning. Once an asteroid was set into rotation, it would merely fracture and break. Moreover, most asteroids are not even solid rock but “rubble piles”—clusters of loose boulders, stones, and sand held together by the weak mutual gravity of space. If the researchers wanted to make space habitats out of these asteroids, they’d have to figure out how to work with rubble piles.

The researchers imagine covering an asteroid in a flexible, mesh bag made of ultralight and high-strength carbon nanofibers—tubes made of carbon, each just a few atoms in diameter. The bag would envelope and support the entire spinning mass of the asteroid’s rubble and the habitat within, while also supporting its own weight as it spins.

Everything the researchers imagine in their study—from the motors needed to spin up the asteroid, to the carbon-nanofiber bag—are technologies people are currently either using or developing.

Pictures & Captions: https://www.rochester.edu/newscenter/cities-on-asteroids-it-could-work-in-theory-543862/

AR #52

Perfect Lunar Base

Posted on by

Bricks Made to Build a Moon Base

Using resources found in space to construct off-world structures can drastically reduce the need to transport building materials for programs like Artemis.As part of NASA’s Artemis program to establish a long-term presence on the moon, it aims to build a base camp that includes a modern lunar cabin, rover and mobile home. This fixed habitat could potentially be constructed with bricks made of lunar regolith and saltwater, thanks to a recent discovery from researchers at the University of Central Florida.

Associate Professor Ranajay Ghosh of UCF’s Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and his research group found that 3D-printed bricks of lunar regolith can withstand the extreme environments of space and are a good candidate for cosmic construction projects. Lunar regolith is the loose dust, rocks and materials that cover the moon’s surface.

The results of their experiments are detailed in a recent issue of Ceramics International (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272884222027560?via%3Dihub) and were also featured in New Scientist magazine prior to publication.

Ghosh’s team used a combination of 3D printing and binder jet technology (BJT), an additive manufacturing method that forces out a liquid binding agent onto a bed of powder. In Ghosh’s experiments, the binding agent was saltwater, and the powder was regolith made by UCF’s Exolith Lab.

UCF Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Associate Professor Ranajay Ghosh and graduate research assistant Peter Warren display the cylindrical bricks they created using simulated lunar and Martian regolith.

“This research contributes to the ongoing debate in space exploration community on finding the balance between in-situ extraterrestrial resource utilization versus material transported from Earth,” Ghosh says. “The further we develop techniques that utilize the abundance of regolith, the more capability we will have in establishing and expanding base camps on the moon, Mars, and other planets in the future.”

Pictures & Captions: https://www.ucf.edu/news/ucf-researchers-create-lunar-regolith-bricks-that-could-be-used-to-construct-artemis-base-camp/

AR #62

U.S. Unveils Plan to Create Colony at Lunar Pole

Posted on by

Olmec Temples Set Up for 260-day Calendar

Mesoamerican structures built thousands of years ago along Mexico’s gulf coast were aligned with a 260-day calendar, archaeologists have found. According to a paper published in the journal Science Advances, Ivan Šprajc, Takeshi Inomata and Anthony Aveni tell how aircraft-based LIDAR allowed them to see the alignment of the ancient structures. They also discuss how these structures could have been used by ancient cultures. (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abq7675)

Prior research has shown that ancient people living in Mesoamerica had developed and used a 260-day calendar as far back as 300 to 200 B.C. The written evidence was found on plaster mural fragments. But since that discovery, researchers have suspected that such a calendar had been developed long before the people using it developed a means of writing it down. In the new research evidence was found of such a calendar made thousands of years earlier using large structures.

The work involved pointing LIDAR equipment at the ground from an airplane flying above Mexico’s gulf coast. The researchers observed the remains of 415 ceremonial complexes built by Olmec or Mayan people. Analysis of the structures showed that they were aligned in ways that noted the rising and setting of celestial bodies on certain days represented in a 260-day calendar. They noted that most of the angles of the complexes were aligned east to west, which would have corresponded to the rising and setting of celestial objects such as the sun. The structures have been dated to between 1100 B.C. and 250 A.D.

Ancient peoples belonging to the Olmec society lived in parts of Mesoamerica as far back as 3,500 years ago. Prior research has found that after the decline of the Olmec society, the Mayan culture developed. Inscriptions and documents made by the Mayans described a 260-day calendar.

Having such a calendar, the researchers say, would have allowed ancient people to plan rituals as well as to coordinate farming activities. They note also that some modern Maya communities still use the 260-day calendar.

AR #65

Who Were the Olmecs?

by David H. Childress

Posted on by

Why was Roman concrete so durable?

An unexpected ancient manufacturing strategy may hold the key to designing concrete that lasts for millennia.

The ancient Romans were masters of engineering, constructing vast networks of roads, aqueducts, ports, and massive buildings, whose remains have survived for two millennia. Many of these structures were built with concrete: Rome’s famed Pantheon, which has the world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome and was dedicated in A.D. 128, is still intact, and some ancient Roman aqueducts still deliver water to Rome today. Meanwhile, many modern concrete structures have crumbled after a few decades.

Researchers have spent decades trying to figure out the secret of this ultradurable ancient construction material, particularly in structures that endured especially harsh conditions, such as docks, sewers, and seawalls, or those constructed in seismically active locations.

Now, a team of investigators from MIT, Harvard University, and laboratories in Italy and Switzerland, has made progress in this field, discovering ancient concrete-manufacturing strategies that incorporated several key self-healing functionalities. The findings are published in the journal Science Advances, in a paper by MIT professor of civil and environmental engineering Admir Masic et al (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add1602).

For many years, researchers have assumed that the key to the ancient concrete’s durability was based on one ingredient: pozzolanic material such as volcanic ash from the area of Pozzuoli, on the Bay of Naples. This specific kind of ash was even shipped all across the vast Roman empire to be used in construction, and was described as a key ingredient for concrete in accounts by architects and historians at the time.

Under closer examination, these ancient samples also contain small, distinctive, millimeter-scale bright white mineral features, which have been long recognized as a ubiquitous component of Roman concretes. These white chunks, often referred to as “lime clasts,” originate from lime, another key component of the ancient concrete mix. “Ever since I first began working with ancient Roman concrete, I’ve always been fascinated by these features,” says Masic. “These are not found in modern concrete formulations, so why are they present in these ancient materials?”

Previously disregarded as merely evidence of sloppy mixing practices, or poor-quality raw materials, the new study suggests that these tiny lime clasts gave the concrete a previously unrecognized self-healing capability. “The idea that the presence of these lime clasts was simply attributed to low quality control always bothered me,” says Masic. “If the Romans put so much effort into making an outstanding construction material, following all of the detailed recipes that had been optimized over the course of many centuries, why would they put so little effort into ensuring the production of a well-mixed final product? There has to be more to this story.”

Upon further characterization of these lime clasts, using high-resolution multiscale imaging and chemical mapping techniques pioneered in Masic’s research lab, the researchers gained new insights into the potential functionality of these lime clasts.

Historically, it had been assumed that when lime was incorporated into Roman concrete, it was first combined with water to form a highly reactive paste-like material, in a process known as slaking. But this process alone could not account for the presence of the lime clasts. Masic wondered: “Was it possible that the Romans might have actually directly used lime in its more reactive form, known as quicklime?”

Studying samples of this ancient concrete, he and his team determined that the white inclusions were, indeed, made out of various forms of calcium carbonate. And spectroscopic examination provided clues that these had been formed at extreme temperatures, as would be expected from the exothermic reaction produced by using quicklime instead of, or in addition to, the slaked lime in the mixture. Hot mixing, the team has now concluded, was actually the key to the super-durable nature.

“The benefits of hot mixing are twofold,” Masic says. “First, when the overall concrete is heated to high temperatures, it allows chemistries that are not possible if you only used slaked lime, producing high-temperature-associated compounds that would not otherwise form. Second, this increased temperature significantly reduces curing and setting times since all the reactions are accelerated, allowing for much faster construction.”

Pictures and captions:
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add1602
https://news.mit.edu/2023/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106

AR #79

Romans in America

by Frank Joseph

Posted on by

Oldest Panorama in World

11,000-Year-Old Wall Relief Near Göbekli Tepe

An 11,000-year-old wall relief, located near Şanlıurfa’s famous Göbeklitepe in southeastern Turkey, constitutes the earliest known depiction of a narrative “scene” and reflects the complex relationship between humans, the natural world and the animal life that surrounded them during the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, new research revealed recently.

The ancient wall carving depicts five figures: Two humans, a bull and two leopards.


Eylem Özdoğan, the author of the study published in the scientific journal Antiquity, stated that there is very little information about the civilization that made this relief. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/sayburc-reliefs-a-narrative-scene-from-the-neolithic/3A35B54B3265C7224CB225FE70EBDD02)


“The communities living in this region share a common cultural environment. They certainly communicate with each other and share innovations, social ideology and a common culture,” Özdoğan, an archaeologist at Istanbul University, said in a statement to Gizmodo.


According to the news of Independent Turkish, radiocarbon dating studies of samples taken from the region continue, but researchers believe that these reliefs were made around 9,000 B.C.


That is due to the fact that the relief was found in the ancient city of Sayburç in Şanlıurfa. Sayburç was founded in 9,000 B.C. when hunter-gatherers switched to agriculture and settled life.


In 1949, most of the ancient city of Sayburç was open to settlement. However, excavations that began last year unearthed a Neolithic structure in the city. As the archaeological value of the city was revealed, some modern structures are planned to be demolished. So far, only half of the historic texture has been unearthed.


It is stated that the newly discovered relief is one of the oldest narrative works in archaeology. A 44,000-year-old pig painting, discovered in Indonesia in 2021, is the oldest known work of figurative art. However, there was no scene depiction in that work.


According to Özdoğan, the figures in Sayburç depict two scenes. The first tells the story of a man and a bull, and the other is of a man surrounded by two leopards. Both people are men.
It is striking that the dangerous features of the figures in the work, which covers an area of approximately 3.7 meters (12.1 feet), are also emphasized.


It is not known what exactly was once the intended meaning or message of the relief, in which the teeth of leopards and horns of bulls are highlighted.


https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/oldest-scene-in-world-11000-year-old-wall-relief-near-gobeklitepe


https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/sayburc-reliefs-a-narrative-scene-from-the-neolithic/3A35B54B3265C7224CB225FE70EBDD02

AR #108

Civilization from Before the Deluge

by Frank Joseph